Fig. 1

Sample separation and differential expression of individual metabolites. A t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) plot using all metabolites. B Heatmap showing normalized abundance of the top 20 abundant metabolites in the fetal GI samples (SI and LI), as well as their abundance in the meconium (SI Mec and LI Mec), PV, and maternal decidua samples. C, D, and E Volcano plots of differentially abundant metabolites between the GI and decidua groups, GI and meconium groups, and GI and PV groups, respectively. Top 10 significantly differentially abundant metabolites are labeled with the metabolite name