Fig. 3
Antimicrobial activity of bikaverin extracted from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4 (Foc TR4). a Schematic representation of bikaverin extraction from wild-type (WT) and FocBik1 knockout mutant (ΔFocBik1) cultures. b Inhibitory effects of WT and ΔFocBik1 extracts on Bacillus velezensis and Actinomycetes strain DMS16689. Bacterial growth was monitored in the presence of 1‰ and 2‰ WT or ΔFocBik1 extracts. The 1‰ and 2‰ WT extracts corresponded to 1.25 and 2.5 μg mL.−1 bikaverin, respectively. c Growth curves of B. velezensis and Actinomycetes strain DMS16689 in the presence of WT and ΔFocBik1 extracts. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviations. d Colony growth of Foc TR4, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Botrytis cinerea on agar plates supplemented with WT and ΔFocBik1 extracts. e Quantification of colony diameters for fungal growth under different treatments. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviations. Letters indicate statistical significance determined by one-way ANOVA with Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05)