Fig. 2

Similarity of OP microbiome between cohabitants. A Density plots illustrating the distribution of distances between cohabitation and non-cohabitation pairs based on different microbiome features. The dotted lines represent the median values. ***: p < 0.001 (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, two-sided). B Comparison of the distance between different types of family relationships based on different microbiome features. The central line indicates the median. The lower and upper hinges indicate the first and third quartiles. The lower and upper whiskers extend from the hinge to the smallest and largest values no further than 1.5 times the interquartile range from the hinge. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. In A and B), the distance of species and pathway compositions was calculated based on the Aitchison distance, while the distance of ARG and VF compositions was the Horn-Morisita distance. C Circular heatmap illustrating the 43 species with abundance correlated between cohabitation pairs. G-C denotes grandparent-child pairs, and P–C denotes parent–child pairs. ‘*’ represents FDR adjusted p < 0.05