Fig. 1

Overview of oropharyngeal microbiome and its associated factors. A Schematic diagram for data collection. Geographic heatmap showing the sample numbers from the 13 districts of Wuhan, China. HP: Huangpi, XZ: Xinzhou, DXH: Dongxihu, JH: Jianghan, JA: Jiangan, QS: Qingshan, QK: Qiaokou, HY: Hanyang, WC: Wuchang, HS: Hongshan, CD: Caidian, HN: Hannan, JX: Jiangxia. B Redundancy analysis (RDA) plot of species composition of 1046 OP samples, colored by dominated genus in each sample. The upper left corner of the figure: top 10 species of explaining species compositional variation. The length and the color of each species segment represent the proportion of explained variation by that species, and the direction of the segments was determined by species coordinates. C Variation (adjusted R²) explained by each metadata to metagenomic profiles using univariate distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA). Only significant results are shown (FDR < 0.05) D District-specific species. The species were identified by comparing the relative abundance of each species in one district against that in all other districts using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (two-sided). The y-axis of the plot represents the logarithmic q value (FDR adjusted p value) of the test, and the x-axis displays the log2 transformation of the fold change in the relative abundance of the tested microbe, comparing one district to all other districts. The points were colored by districts and the size represents the relative abundance of the species in the corresponding district. ‘NS’ denotes not significant. E Heatmap displaying the top 10 strongest associations between individual species and metadata, calculated by multivariate MaAsLin2, the effect size is represented by the z-score value of the coefficient from the model, and q values (FDR adjusted p value) < 0.05 are indicated with plus and minus signs to reflect the directionality. F Distribution of the relative abundance of five age-related opportunistic pathogens across age. The y-axis denotes the proportion of participants younger than the age of the x-axis, who had the relative abundance of the species above its median in the population