Fig. 4

Variation in plasma metabolites and functions across the study groups at 3 months of age measured by UPLC-MS. A PLS-DA scores plot comparing the plasma metabolic phenotypes of Reference, Control, and Test infants. Volcano plots comparing the metabolism indicator measures from (B) Control vs Test, (C) Test vs Reference, and (D) Control vs Reference. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to calculate p-values, which were corrected using Benjamini-Hochberg (p-adjusted < 0.05). An absolute fold change threshold of 1.5 was applied. E Features identified to be consistent between Reference and Test infants but differ from Control infants. Kruskal–Wallis tests followed by pairwise Wilcoxon tests corrected using Benjamini-Hochberg. Significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)