Fig. 3

Variation in fecal metabolites and functions across the study groups at 3 months of age measured by UPLC-MS. A PLS-DA scores plot comparing fecal metabolic phenotypes of Reference, Control, and Test infants. Volcano plots comparing the metabolism indicators measures from B Test vs Control, C Test vs Reference, and D Control vs Reference. Highlighted indicators have an absolute fold change value > 1.5. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to detect significant differences between the groups, and p-values were corrected using Benjamini-Hochberg (p-adjusted < 0.05). E Fecal bile acids and fatty acids identified to show a trend for being consistent between Reference and Test infants but different from Control infants. Statistical significance determined by Kruskal–Wallis tests followed by pairwise Wilcoxon tests corrected using Benjamini-Hochberg. Significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001