Fig. 8

Correlation networks and pathway mapping of CNPS-related genes in modular communities. a Correlation network showing relationships between modular microbial taxa (mOTUs) and key orthologs (KOs) involved in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles. Line thickness represents correlation strength (|r|> 0.7, p < 0.001), and node size indicates relative abundance of mOTUs or KOs. b Sankey diagram illustrating the interconnections between three soybean phenotypes (NPP, number of pods per plant; PH, plant height; SY, seed yield), microbial modules (M0–M3), and functional gene pathways in CNPS cycling. The hierarchical flow (left to right) demonstrates the linkages from plant phenotypes through microbial community structure to metabolic functions. Red connections indicate positive correlations, while green connections represent negative correlations