Fig. 6

Characteristics of microbial relative abundance changes in the modules. a Cooccurrence network clustering of hub rhizosphere microorganisms in soybean, indicating significant differences in the degree coefficients among the four modules (***p < 0.001). b Polar circle plots depicting species composition within each module, where M0, M1, and M3 contain members from four kingdoms (Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and viruses), but M2 lacks Archaea. c Kingdom-level distribution of microbial communities across different sites for each module, showing the relative abundances of Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and viruses. d Clustering heatmap of 556 hub mOTUs within the four modules, with M0 comprising 160 hub mOTUs, M1 comprising 177, M2 comprising 103, and M3 comprising 116. The 29 key hub mOTUs were identified via the criteria of mean decrease Gini > 0.3 and P.adj < 0.001: M0 (8/160), M1 (9/177), M2 (2/103), and M3 (10/116). The heatmap highlights the specific hub mOTUs with the highest abundance in particular locations, illustrating the distribution patterns and ecological significance of these microbial communities