Fig. 4

Host metabolic phenotypes are associated with gut microbial enterotypes. A Spearman’s correlation between bacteria species from Firmicutes CAG and Bacteroidetes CAG with host metabolic phenotypes. B Bidirectional MR analysis between host metabolic traits and gut microbial functions’ PC1, which is the representative microbial features that distinguish Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes enterotypes. MR beta effect sizes using gut microbial functions’ PC1 as exposure and host metabolic traits as an outcome. C MR beta effect sizes using host metabolic traits as exposure and gut microbial functions’ PC1 as outcome