Fig. 4

Co-occurrence patterns of ARGs, VGs, and MGEs in the dust microbiomes of clusters 1 and 2. a Network analysis illustrating the correlations between ARGs, VGs, and MGEs in each cluster. Only connections exhibiting strong (Spearman’s |ρ|> 0.8) and significant (p < 0.001) correlation are represented in the network. Node size is proportional to the number of connections (the degree). b Comparison of node-level topological features between subcommunities in the two clusters. Differences between clusters 1 and 2 were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. In each box-and-whisker plot, the box represents the median, first quartile, and third quartile; the whiskers extend 1.5 times the interquartile range; and the diamonds indicate the mean value. Points beyond the whiskers are considered outliers. c The robustness of the two networks was assessed by evaluating the proportion of taxa remained as taxa were randomly removed from each network