Fig. 5

Network associations of bacterial ASVs in different pore spaces. Co-occurrence networks were constructed using Spearman’s rank correlation to identify strong and significant correlations (Spearman’s r > 0.5 and p < 0.05) (a, b, c, d). The node color represents the abundance categories of the ASV, and the node size is proportional to its degree. The connection thickness reflects the strength of Spearman’s correlation coefficients. A red connection indicates a positive correlation, while a green connection denotes a negative correlation. The bar graph presents the total number of positive and negative connections within each porous environment. Summaries of node-connection statistics (e, f, g, h). The black numbers indicate the total number of connections within and between subcommunities, and the red numbers in parentheses represent the count and percentage of positive connections