Fig. 6
From: Role of nasal microbiota in regulating host anti-influenza immunity in dogs
In vitro antiviral effect of L. plantarum is related to activation of IFN-mediated pathways. A Experimental workflow for assessment of in vitro antiviral activities of different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains. B Evaluation on in vitro antiviral effects of different Lactobacillus strains by western blot (one-way ANOVA test, Tukey’s HSD, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and*** p < 0.0001 indicate a significant difference compared to the JS/10 infected group). C Analysis of IFN-β promoter activity and NF-κB/p65 pathway activation by the dual-luciferase promoter activity assay during co-infection with influenza virus and different LAB (one-way ANOVA test, Tukey’s HSD, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and *** p < 0.0001 indicate a significant difference compared to the JS/10 infected group). D The expression levels of viral NP, TBK1, and phospho-TBK1 (Ser172) protein by western blot analysis during co-infection with L. plantarum C123 and influenza virus. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way ANOVA or t-test