Fig. 4

Disruption of nasal microbiota exacerbates the dysbiosis of lung microbiota following influenza infection. A Experimental scheme of lung tissue sampling and analysis. The lung of each individual was sampled at six target points and then mixed for further analysis. B The bacterial composition at the phylum levels in canine lung tissue. C The bacterial composition at the genus levels in canine lung tissue. D The volcano plot illustrates differentially abundant microbial taxa at the genus level between the Abx and WT groups. E Boxplot showing the Richness and Chao1 diversity indices of lung microbiota in the Nor, WT, and Abx groups (one-way ANOVA test, Tukey’s HSD). F PCoA of microbiota communities employing Bray-Curtis distances for lung microbiota samples in the Nor, WT, and Abx groups after influenza infection. Boxplots below and to the left illustrate the comprehensive distribution of PCoA 1 and PCoA 2 scores within each group (Wilcoxon rank-sum test). G The volcano plot depicts the differential contribution of KEGG pathways, forecasted from the lung microbial composition of the Abx and WT groups by PICRUSt2. Differential analysis was conducted using the DESeq2 package (Benjamini-Hochberg). H The Pearson correlations were calculated between differential relative abundance of ASVs and contribution of KEGG pathways based on lung microbial composition in the WT and Abx groups