Fig. 1

Negative associations between Intestinimonas butyriciproducens and fructoselysine fermentation genes and metabolic biomarkers in the human cohort. A Significant reduction of Intestinimonas butyriciproducens in IFG (impaired fasting glucose), IGT (impaired glucose tolerance), CGI (combined glucose intolerance), hrNGT (high-risk normal glucose tolerance) and T2D groups as compared to irNGT (low-risk normal glucose tolerance) control based on rarefied reads of Intestinimonas butyriciproducens in a Swedish prediabetes cohort (n = 1011; Spearman correlation). B Metagenomic analysis shows negative associations of individual FL pathway genes with different metabolic biomarkers (Wilcox rank-sum test). − P < 0.1; *P < 0.05; + P < 0.01; #P < 0.001. The fructoselysine (FL) degradation pathway consists of 4 separate sub-pathways: FL uptake and degradation, lysine utilization, butyrate from lysine, and butyrate from glucose-6-phosphate. The correlations of these individual sub-pathways with each metabolic biomarker are shown. C–F Significant negative associations between FL pathway gene abundance and BMI (body mass index, P = 7.4e − 07) (C), triglycerides (P = 1e − 09) (D), HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c, P = 0.002) (E) and fasting insulin (P = 2.4e − 07) (F), respectively