Fig. 6

16S rRNA gene sequencing to decipher bacterial community composition and structure from seeds to seedlings. A Venn diagrams showing shared OTUs among seed and seedling organ microbiomes. B Relative abundance of bacterial taxa at genus level; taxa > 0.1% shown. C and G Bacterial community richness shown by the ACE analysis. D and H Bacterial community diversity shown by the ACE analysis. E PCoA of bacterial communities in rice grains and offspring seedlings. Significant difference by ANOSIM. F BugBase prediction of microbiome phenotypes comparing seeds and seedling organs. I Venn diagrams showing shared genera among seed and leaf microbiomes during development. Sequenced seed microbiome includes 5 stages with 5 samples per stage, leaf microbiome includes 4 stages with 5 samples per stage. J BugBase-predicted different microbiome phenotypes among grain and leaf samples during development by Kruskal–Wallis H test. ***, p < 0.001. SF and LF, seeds and leaves at flowering; S7d and L7d, S15d and L15d, S24d and L24d, and S40d, seeds and leaves at 7, 15, 24, and 40 days after pollination