Fig. 1

Nasal and oral microbial communities of infants compared to adults. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination plot of Bray–Curtis dissimilarity indices of A infant nasal and oral microbiomes, B adult nasal and oral microbiomes, C adult and infant nasal microbiomes, and D adult and infant oral microbiomes. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing reads were examined from microbiomes normalized to an equal sequencing depth. Points represent individual samples, with circles denoting infant microbiomes and triangles adult microbiomes. Nasal samples are colored blue, and oral samples are colored red. Plot stress is listed for each comparison. E Boxplots displaying richness, Shannon, inverse Simpson, and Fisher diversity metrics of nasal (blue) and oral (red) microbiomes from infants compared to adults. Plot is faceted by body site. Boxes show the 25th and 75th percentiles with the median represented by a horizontal line and whiskers showing 1.5 × the interquartile range. Overlayed data points are jittered to avoid overplotting. Significance values *p < 0.05 and ****p < 0.001 Mann–Whitney U-test