Fig. 1

Effects of CSR-resistance difference on microbiome assembly and diversity in five compartments of maize. a Phenotypes of the external surfaces and interiors of maize stems in CSR-resistant (GZL455) and CSR-susceptible (GZL200) individuals. b Diagram showing the sampling compartments: BS, bulk soil; RS, rhizosphere soil; RE, root endosphere; SE, stem endosphere; GE, grain endosphere. c βNTI calculations of phylogenetic turnover in CSR-resistant and CSR-susceptible samples in the five compartments. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001 in the Wilcoxon rank sum test (n = 40). d Relative influence of three community assembly processes among CSR-resistant and CSR-susceptible microbial communities across the five compartments. DDH, drift, dispersal limited, and homogeneous selection (|βNTI|< 2, stochastic processes); HS, homogenizing dispersal (βNTI <  − 2, deterministic processes); VS, variable selection (βNTI > 2, deterministic processes). e Shannon diversity index (SDI) of bacterial and fungal communities in the five compartments. Different letters indicate significant differences (ordinary one-way ANOVA test, P < 0.05). f Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of bacterial (left) and fungal (right) communities based on Bray–Curtis distances. Significant differences among the plant compartments were determined using PERMANOVA (n = 198). g PCoA of bacterial (upper panels) and fungal (lower panels) communities among the CSR-resistant and CSR-susceptible groups in the five compartments based on Bray–Curtis distances (n = 198)