Table 1 Baseline characteristics of cohort participants selected for the study

Variable (mean (SD))

WWoH

WWH

p Value

N

25

24^a

Parity

2.96 (1.90)

3.21 (1.72)

0.634

Days postpartum

71.44 (56.60)

66.88 (45.78)

0.758

Exclusive breastfeeding (%)

19 (76.0)

19 (79.2)

1

CD4 count (cells/mm³)

NA

573.79 (275.77)

NA

Plasma HIV-1 RNA (log₁₀ copies/mL)

NA

2.31 (1.41)

NA

Variable (mean (SD))

No maternal ART

Maternal ART^b

p Value

N

25

25

Country (%) ^

 Malawi

16 (64)

16 (64)

 South Africa

7 (28)

7 (28)

 Uganda

1 (4)

1 (4)

 Zimbabwe

1 (4)

1 (4)

Parity prior to delivery

1.7 (1.3)

1.6 (1.2)

0.91

Gestational age at delivery (weeks)

38.5 (3.3)

38.3 (2.2)

0.81

CD4 count (cells/mm³) ^

555 (166)

557 (166)

0.97

Plasma HIV-1 RNA (log₁₀ copies/mL) ^

3.85 (0.97)

3.63 (0.86)

0.41

Variable (mean (SD))

CD4 ≤ 200

CD4 > 200

p Value

N

20

46

Site 1 of 2 (%)

13 (65.0)

28 (60.9)

0.967

Parity prior to delivery

2.15 (1.27)

2.24 (1.45)

0.812

Gestational age at delivery (weeks)

38.43 (4.39)

38.57 (3.43)

0.887

Maternal baseline CD4 mean (SD)

151.25 (45.52)

361.93 (115.03)

 < 0.001

CD4 < or = 350

20 (100.0)

24 (52.2)

 < 0.001

Plasma HIV-1 RNA (log₁₀ copies/mL)

5.05 (0.45)

4.76 (0.68)

0.085

Breast milk HIV-1 RNA (1 month)

 Detectable (%)

9/12 (75.0)

14/25 (56.0)

0.451

 log₁₀ copies/mL (detectable only)

3.27 (1.07)

2.67 (1.00)

0.103

Variable (mean (SD))

Transmitter group

Non-transmitter group

p Value

N

22

44

Parity prior to delivery

2.32 (1.64)

2.16 (1.26)

0.66

Gestational age at delivery (weeks)

38.3 (3.71)

38.7 (3.75)

0.65

CD4 Count (cells/mm³) ^

289 (133)

303 (143)

0.71

CD4 < or = 350 (%)

16 (72.7)

28 (63.6)

0.64

CD4 ≤ 200 (%)

7 (31.8)

13 (29.5)

1

Plasma HIV-1 RNA (log₁₀ copies/mL) ^

4.83 (0.68)

4.86 (0.61)

0.85

Breast milk HIV-1 RNA (1 week)

 Detectable

5/7 (71.4)

6/11 (54.5)

0.826

 log₁₀ copies/mL

2.83 (1.13)

2.16 (0.70)

0.132

Breast milk HIV-1 RNA (1 month)

 Detectable

16/22 (72.7)

7/15 (46.7)

0.208

 log₁₀ copies/mL

3.15 (1.09)

2.43 (0.85)

0.037

Variable (mean (SD))

Transmitter group

Non-transmitter group

p Value

N

21^a

42

Transmission

 Early mucosal

5

 Breast milk

15

 Unknown

1

Prophylaxis – maternal ART (%)

7 (33.3)

23 (54.8)

0.181

Maternal ART regimen prior to transmission (%)

0.324

 3TC,ZDV,LPV/r

0 (0.0)

3 (7.1)

 FTC,TDF,LPV/r

6 (28.6)

18 (42.9)

 ZDV,sdNVP,FTC,TDF

1 (4.8)

2 (4.8)

 No maternal ARVs

14 (66.7)

19 (45.2)

Country^ (%)

0.252

 India

1 (4.8)

0 (0.0)

 Malawi

9 (47.4)

23 (54.8)

 South Africa

3 (15.8)

9 (21.4)

 Tanzania

1 (4.8)

0 (0.0)

 Uganda

3 (15.8)

7 (16.7)

 Zimbabwe

4 (21.1)

3 (7.1)

Parity prior to delivery

1.19 (1.12)

2.12 (1.11)

0.003

Gestational age at delivery (wks)

37.99 (2.87)

38.05 (3.10)

0.946

CD4 count (cells/mm³) ^

534.38 (188.21)

526.52 (162.35)

0.864

Plasma HIV-1 RNA (log₁₀ copies/mL) ^

4.56 (0.74)

4.03 (0.91)

0.026