Fig. 7

Kefir modulates the functional capacity of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Beta diversity was assessed by PERMANOVA to investigate the dissimilarity in the functional capacity of the gut microbiota, which were depicted using MDS plots. Dots represent individual animals (n = 12) (a). Differential abundances were assessed of enzyme categories (EC) and depicted as violin plots (b). Gut-brain modules (GBMs) were additionally assessed for their differential abundance (c)